Students from Liberty University pray in front of the U.S. Supreme Court during oral arguments in the Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization abortion case on Dec. 1, 2021. / Katie Yoder/CNA
Washington D.C., Dec 1, 2021 / 15:40 pm (CNA).
The U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments about the constitutionality of Mississippi’s 15-week state abortion ban Wednesday, a high-stakes test of the settledness of legalized abortion in a deeply unsettled nation still sharply divided over the right to life.
The case, Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, is viewed by many Catholic leaders and pro-life groups as the best chance yet to overturn the court’s landmark 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, which has barred restrictive early-term abortion laws like Mississippi’s for the past 48 years.
Over that time, some 62 million abortions have taken place in the United States, statistics show, a grim toll the Catholic Church sees as both a grave evil and a catastrophic political failure.
Conversely, a decision that strikes down Mississippi’s 2018 law, called the Gestational Age Act, which prohibits abortions after the 15th week of gestation, would represent a devastating setback for the pro-life movement. For many years it has pinned its hopes of overturning Roe on the goal of securing a supermajority of conservative justices on the nation’s highest court, as is the case now.
With thousands of people keeping a vocal but peaceful vigil outside the Supreme Court on a bright, brisk morning in Washington, D.C., the nine justices took up the intensely anticipated case in a proceeding that lasted nearly two hours.
Among the demonstrators were four women shown in a viral video posted online swallowing pills behind a large sign that reads, “WE ARE TAKING ABORTION PILLS FOREVER,” a reference to the prescription drugs mifepristone and misoprostol that when used in combination will induce a miscarriage.
Mississippi is asking the court to do more than simply uphold the state’s abortion law; it wants the court to overturn both Roe and a later ruling that affirmed it nearly 20 years later, the 1992 case Planned Parenthood v. Casey.
Both Roe and Casey “have no basis in the Constitution,” Scott G. Stewart, the state’s solicitor general, said in his opening argument.
“They have no home in our history or traditions. They’ve damaged the democratic process. They poison the law. They’ve choked off compromise for 50 years,” he said.
In Roe, the court ruled that states could not ban abortion before viability, which the court determined to be 24 to 28 weeks into pregnancy. Casey, viewed as the “Dobbs” of its day, found that while states could regulate pre-viability abortions, they could not enforce an “undue burden.” The Casey court defined that term to mean “a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus.”
Stewart said the two cases have “kept this court at the center of a political battle that it can never resolve.”
“Nowhere else does this court recognize a right to end a human life,” he said.
A question of ‘settled’ law
Legal scholars see the court’s reluctance to overturn past rulings, even highly controversial ones, as Mississippi’s greatest hurdle in Dobbs.
As anticipated, that legal principle, known as stare decisis, loomed large Wednesday, dominating the litigants’ oral arguments and the justices’ questions. Justice Amy Coney Barrett, the newest addition to the court’s 6-3 conservative majority, said that stare decisis is “obviously the core of this case.”
The term comes from the Latin phrase, Stare decisis at non quieta movere, which means “to stand by things decided and not disturb settled points.”
Stewart, the Mississippi solicitor general, argued that legalized abortion remains an unsettled debate in the United States nearly a half-century after Roe. He argued that the issue should be left to democratically elected state legislatures, not the courts.
“The Constitution places its trust in the people. On hard issue after hard issue, the people make this country work,” he said.
“Abortion is a hard issue. It demands the best from all of us, not a judgment by just a few of us when an issue affects everyone. And when the Constitution does not take sides on it, it belongs to the people.”
In its court brief, Mississippi cites stare decisis as the reason Roe and Casey should be overturned.
“Roe and Casey are egregiously wrong. The conclusion that abortion is a constitutional right has no basis in text, structure, history, or tradition,” the brief states. Roe itself broke from precedent because it invoked “a general ‘right to privacy’ unmoored from the Constitution,” the state argues.
“Abortion is fundamentally different from any right this Court has ever endorsed. No other right involves, as abortion does, ‘the purposeful termination of a potential life,’” the brief states. “Roe broke from prior cases, Casey failed to rehabilitate it, and both recognize a right that has no basis in the Constitution.”
But Julie Rikelman, litigation director of the Center for Reproductive Rights, sharply disagreed.
“Casey and Roe were correct,” Rikelman, who represented Jackson Women’s Health, Mississippi’s last remaining abortion provider, told the justices.
She added that there is an “an especially high bar here” as the Supreme Court rejected “every possible reason” for overturning Roe when it decided Casey nearly 30 years ago.
“Mississippi’s ban on abortion two months before viability is flatly unconstitutional under decades of precedent. Mississippi asks for the court to dismantle this precedent and allow states to force women to remain pregnant and give birth against their will,” she said.
“Two generations have now relied on this right,” Rikelman continued. “And one out of every four women makes the decision to end a pregnancy.”
A third attorney arguing before the court Wednesday, U.S. Solicitor General Elizabeth B. Prelogar, representing the Biden administration in opposition to Mississippi’s abortion law, couched the Dobbs case in similar terms. She said overturning Roe and Casey would be “an unprecedented contraction of individual rights and a stark departure from principles of stare decisis.”
Credibility concerns
Liberal justices Stephen G. Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan argued that overturning Roe and Casey would undermine the court’s integrity by signaling that its decisions were influenced by political pressure.
“Will this institution survive the stench that this creates in the public perception that the constitution and its reading are just political acts?” Sotomayor said. “I don’t see how it is possible.”
Conservative Justice Brett M. Kavanaugh, however, pushed back against that reasoning. He noted that “some of the most consequential and important” decisions in the Supreme Court’s history overturned prior rulings. He cited such cases as the historic civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education, which struck down legalized segregation, and Miranda v. Arizona, which required police to inform suspects they have a right to remain silent.
“If the court had done that in those cases (and adhered to precedent), this country would be a much different place,” Kavanaugh said. Why then, he asked Rikelman, shouldn’t the court do the same in Dobbs, if it were to deem that Roe and Casey were wrongly decided?
“Because the view that a previous precedent is wrong, your honor, has never been enough for this court to overrule, and it certainly shouldn’t be enough here, when there’s 50 years of precedent,” Rikelman responded. The court needs a “special justification” to take such a step, she argued, saying that Mississippi has failed to provide any.
Said Rikelman: “It makes the same exact arguments the court already considered and rejected in its stare decisis analysis in Casey.”
Justice Samuel A. Alito Jr., a conservative, took up a similar line of questioning with Prelogar, the U.S. solicitor general.
“Is it your argument that a case can never be overruled simply because it was egregiously wrong?” he asked.
“I think that at the very least, the state would have to come forward with some kind of materially changed circumstance or some kind of materially new argument, and Mississippi hasn’t done so in this case,” Prelogar responded.
“Really?” Alito replied. “So suppose Plessy versus Ferguson (an 1896 decision that affirmed the constitutionality of racial segregation laws) was re-argued in 1897, so nothing had changed. Would it not be sufficient to say that was an egregiously wrong decision on the day it was handed down and now it should be overruled?”
“I think it should have been overruled, but I think that the factual premise was wrong in the moment it was decided, and the court realized that and clarified that when it overruled in Brown,” Prelogar said.
“So there are circumstances in which a decision may be overruled, properly overruled, when it must be overruled simply because it was egregiously wrong at the moment it was decided?” Alito asked.
When Prelogar didn’t directly answer the question, Alito pressed again.
“Can a decision be overruled simply because it was erroneously wrong, even if nothing has changed between the time of that decision and the time when the court is called upon to consider whether it should be overruled?” he asked. “Yes or no? Can you give me a yes or no answer on that?”
“This court, no, has never overruled in that situation just based on a conclusion that the decision was wrong. It has always applied the stare decisis factors and likewise found that they warrant overruling in that instance,” Prelogar said.
Roberts cites China, North Korea
While the main focus of Wednesday’s proceeding related to stare decisis, there was also discussion of the viability standard established by Roe.
“I’d like to focus on the 15-week ban because that’s not a dramatic departure from viability,” Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. said in an exchange with Rikelman.
“It is the standard that the vast majority of other countries have. When you get to the viability standard (set at 24 to 28 weeks) we share that standard with the People’s Republic of China and North Korea,” he said.
In response, Rikelman said Roberts’ statement was “not correct,” arguing that “the majority of countries that permit legal access to abortion allow access right up until viability, even if they have nominal lines earlier.” She elaborated that while European countries may have 12- or 18-week limits, they allow exceptions for “broad social reasons, health reasons, socioeconomic reasons.”
A 2021 analysis by the Charlotte Lozier Institute found that 47 out of 50 European nations limit elective abortion prior to 15 weeks. Eight European nations, including Great Britain and Finland, do not allow elective abortion and instead require a specific medical or socioeconomic reason before permitting an abortion, the institute said.
The court may not announce a decision in the Dobbs case for several months. It may come at the end of its current term, in late June or early July, when major decisions are often announced.
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“As that suggests, what this Senate vote tells us about the 2020 election is deeply disturbing. Barring some drastic, unforeseen development, we are likely next year to witness a replay of 2016, which saw an ardent advocate of legalized abortion, Hillary Clinton, pitted against Donald Trump, who as president has delivered on the life issues while also becoming an intensely polarizing figure.
For some, this means the choice in 2020 will likely be as painful as in 2016, when they resolved the dilemma for themselves by not voting or backing marginal candidates or write-ins.”
Polarized thanks to the MSM, which is in the hands of the “leftists.” Why? Because Donald Trump is too “moderate,” too “America first” for them, not because he is the “right-wing” monster they make him out to be.
“But if a harebrained court-packing scheme advocated with the aim of advancing ideological interests, whether ultra-liberal or ultra-conservative, ever in fact becomes the “level of intellectual and policy ambition” of either major party, God save the United States.”
The United States is already in trouble. Abortion is just one issue pitting the left against what remains of the historic American nations. Catholics will have to pick a side, and to advocate some form of civic nationalism, even if it is a religious version of it, is increasingly to side with the leftists.
Is the fanaticism equivalent as suggested by the picture?
If infanticide is not monstrous, what on earth could be? To relegate it to political maneuvering makes it even more heinous. Mr. Shaw is part of the problem and until we are willing to call murder out for what it truly is we will go down in the history books as one of the most self gratifying nations of all time.
A good question. And the last paragraph equates the very real Leftist court-packing endorsed by prominent public figures and aspirants to the Democratic presidential nomination with a purported “ultra-conservative” court-packing that has not been advocated by the Trump administration or anyone prominent in Congress, and is otherwise non-existent. This is spurious even-handedness.
The only fanaticism is in the left’s desire to kill children before they are born. Science has proven that an unborn baby is a separate life & unique being, separate from the mother, not “her body”. Let’s not forget that the woman expressly invited the possibility of a new & separate life to grow by her willingness to have unprotected relations. So that new life is not some chimera that spontaneously appeared, but was expressly invited to begin. The case is further proven by the left’s absolute blocking of the protection of the baby once it is born, resulting in actual infanticide. THAT is fanaticism, not the wishes of those with properly grounded morals who know, without a doubt, that, firstly, even an unborn human being is just that – a human being; & secondly, that once a baby is actually BORN, it can still be murdered if it survived the abortion (murder) attempt. These abortion fanatics even admit that the unborn is a human life, & yet still wish to murder it both before it is born, & then after it is born. This puts the left in the same camp as Hitler’s Germany, except we’ve already murdered 10X more babies than Hitler did to the Jewish people. THAT’S fanaticism.
Your lead sentence: “Let us agree that the 44 Democratic senators whose votes last month blocked the Born Alive Protection Act aren’t monsters.” No. They ARE monsters. The problem is, over the last 40 years, we’ve allowed “being monsters” to be okay. And because we have, the monsters have gotten worse. This is a watershed moment, a turning point. Just like the sex abuse crisis in the clergy. If we don’t accept what is really going on, then we will never be able to combat it.
I am not sure about them not being monsters. They are certainly beyond being bad christians. Pagans were for infant sacrifice, so I have no problem thinking of them as pagans. In order to solve a problem we must accurately identify the problem. A Catholic News Service article appearing in my diocesan newspaper managed, in a lengthy article on the subject, not to mention that all 44 votes were from democrats, and that 10 of them were Catholic. I admire Mr. Shaw and have read some of his books. But I, for One, will not find it at all painful in 2020 to vote for a very, very pro life president as opposed to a very, very pro death challenger.
Since he has dropped out as a potential presidential candidate for 2020, is Holder now looking for a new job on the U.S. Supreme Court?
Those who vote for infanticide are monsters. Trump is the most pro-life President we have had. Action not words count. Instead of constant harping on global warming and immigration, our Bishops should be speaking of the mortal sin of voting for those who support child murder.
Sure, the senators that voted against this measure are not monsters, they just follow orders…
That aside, though, if you think republican senators are any better at protecting life than their democratic colleagues, then let me remind you that it was a certain, now deceased, republican senator from Arizona who was the key to derailing the effort to get rid of obamacare…
So, as author succinctly put it, “backing marginal candidates or write ins” is the most reasonable choice from the point of view of changing the status quo.
Casting your vote for a candidate from either of the 2 “established” parties will yield more of what’s already “established.”
What seems conveniently omitted here is that state abortion legislation where ‘late-term’ abortions are permitted, each law that I know of doesn’t permit 3rd trimester abortions by right of option. These cases must have a valid medical justification to permit the procedure. As it stands, 3% of abortions occur in the final trimester and all are deemed necessary for the mother’s health. If a women is going to get get an abortion, their plan is not generally to delay the procedure for as long as possible. So, any measure that tends to criminalize a rare result in a rare but medically necessary procedure goes too far.