We are not used to thinking about owing anything to God. In many ways, religion has become focused on “me,” going to Church therapeutically to feel good about oneself. In reality, we owe God everything.
Religion, traditionally understood, sought to render to God the worship, homage and thanksgiving that was due to him as God, the one who made us, cares for us and saves us. In Catholic theology, this was understood as an expression of justice, rendering a debt unto God, which is fulfilled by the virtue of religion.
A virtue refers to a habitual disposition to perform a good action, so that it becomes like second nature. Religion becomes a virtue when we have a readiness and ease in giving God what we owe him. We could never, of course, pay back all that he deserves in strict justice, although sacrifice expresses our desire to give ourselves to God, acknowledging our dependence and need to order all things to him. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, the virtue of religion does not focus solely on worshipping and serving God, as it also directs all of our actions toward God for his glory, making our entire life religious.
Making our entire life religious, an offering of all that we are and do, stands completely at odds with our culture’s secularism. We like to keep religion tidily in the corner, as a more or less acceptable opinion or way to spend a Sunday morning. Christians can live a secular life, even if they go to church, if faith remains confined there. God does not just want an hour a week. He wants us to live our entire lives with, in and through him. It is not simply that God demands our attention; we desperately need him and the guidance of his grace. Worship puts us into right relation with him by recognizing his primacy and humbly putting ourselves before him to receive his blessing.
Although the word “religion” has long been a part of our theology and is, of course, a basic concept in world history, we have grown increasingly uncomfortable with it. “Religion” has become as a bad word, a source of division and hypocrisy, or, even among Christians, something that points to our own efforts over and against God’s grace. Religion remains important, however, because we are spiritual beings who are also material, needing an exterior expression of our interior life, and also social beings, who cannot worship God and order life to him in isolation. The Christian faith necessarily includes the religious worship of the Eucharist and other sacraments that enable us to relate to God in a tangible, human way.
We are also uncomfortable with religion because it seems to lead into a web of relativism, entangled in competing claims with no hope of discerning what is true or how it all fits together. If religion is a moral virtue, a part of justice, we can say that it belongs to human nature to recognize our dependence upon God, to worship him and to order our lives to him. Human beings have sought to do this in various ways, although on our own we are limited and so easily fall into error.
We also manipulate religion in superstitious and idolatrous ways, subordinating religion to our own desires for control and material possessions. God’s grace liberates religion, revealing the true God to us so that we can know him clearly and teaching us how to worship him rightly. The Bible expresses right religion first in the imperfect sacrifices of the Old Testament and then in the perfect offering that Christ made of himself on the Cross. Jesus unlocks the meaning and purpose of religion by showing us that what we owe God is the complete sacrifice and gift of ourselves back to him in love. Religion ultimately points to the communion that God desires to have with us.
We need to recover the virtue of religion to refocus us on the primacy of God. His glory should shine forth in the life and liturgy of the Church; he is what is most needed in our lives and in our country. Religion points us to God’s centrality and the urgent necessity of recovering a right relation with him that will reorder our priorities.
If you are interested in reading more about this neglected virtue and how it rightly orders us to God, see Scott Hahn and Brandon McGinley’s It Is Right and Just: Why the Future of Civilization Depends on True Religion (Emmaus, 2020), which focuses on the need to recover religion for our society, and my own recent scholarly study, The Primacy of God: The Virtue of Religion in Catholic Theology (Emmaus Academic, 2022), which explores the continued importance of religion for understanding human history, the spiritual life and theology.
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We read: “The Christian faith necessarily includes the religious worship of the Eucharist and other sacraments that enable us to relate to God in a tangible, human way.”
Yes, but possibly too conflated? Emeritus Pope Benedict XVI made a distinction between “religions” or religious belief and “faith” in the actual person of the incarnate Jesus Christ. Distinctly more than the other sacraments, then, we do not do only “religious worship” of the Eucharist. Instead, “faith” in the person of Jesus Christ who is wholly, truly, really and substantially present (!) in the sacrament (CCC 1374), which is both the symbol AND that which it symbolizes. At the elevation of the consecrated host, the adequate response to this personal and faithful encounter (more than even a “moral virtue” or “tangible”?) is “My Lord and My God.”
The role of faith is vital in allowing religion to give proper honor to the one true God. Aquinas does, however, contend that the virtue of religion orders even the acts of the theological virtues to the honor of God.
We are also uncomfortable with religion because it seems to lead into a web of relativism, entangled in competing claims with no hope of discerning what is true or how it all fits together (Jared Staudt).
Dr Staudt is perfectly correct, that we literally must come closer to God in the fullest religious sense. A total commitment in an age of relativism and increasing flight from God. Although, I don’t find exactly how we determine what is true and false raised in the quote. I suppose Scott Hahn Brandon McGinley may provide the answers. The conundrum in this is reference to books, helpful nonetheless absent of direct response that most disillusioned Catholics need. Apostolic tradition, the Gospels, whatever has been taught perennially. The Catechism is a more immediate source though still a book, and for some reason today’s Catholics don’t read. They follow the news punditry, listen to presbyters who have nothing to say beyond God loves you. There’s a need to be more proactive on our part to clearly identify by written example on websites such as CWR, TCT, NCReg, First Things to provide that.
I do treat this question of true and false religion a few different times (from different angles) in my book (though, yes, it is a book), The Primacy of God: The Virtue of Religion in Catholic Theology. There is a naturally acquired knowledge of God that can lead to the recognition of the need to offer God worship out of justice. Then there is a question of means and Aquinas sees sacrifice as flowing from the natural law. Now both our knowledge and the means used have been impaired by the fall, which leads us into superstition or irreligion. Revelation allows us to know the true God in a way far surpassing reason and also teaches us how to worship him. Revelation cuts through relativism in regards to religion, even as we can recognize a natural foundation for religion.
Yes, why we call it the Eternal Word. I follow your reliance on revelation when confronting relativism.
“We are also uncomfortable with religion because it seems to lead into a web of relativism, entangled in competing claims with no hope of discerning what is true or how it all fits together.”
You are speaking for yourself here. At least you don’t speak for me, and obviously you don’t speak for the Catholic Church. It is more likely that relativism preceded a corrupted understanding of religion as taught by St. Thomas Aquinas.
If religion was properly understood as St. Thomas taught, then there wouldn’t be problems. TPTB – and certainly Satan – are likely behind the corruption of the concept of religion. It is highly likely that the corruption occurred and is maintained by (secret) anti-Catholic persons.
To put it more plainly, the Catholic Church teaches that 2+2=4 while all other “religions” (i.e. false religions) teach that 2+2!=4.
“You are speaking for yourself here.”
Except…he isn’t. He’s responding to a common flawed idea that many people embrace. Which is why he writes, “…it seems…” He’s correct; I’ve met plenty of people who fall into this error and end up with a relativistic view of religion.
It is precisely for this reason that I assist at Mass at TLMs. The Novus Ordo lends itself to stripping the virtue of religion from Sunday worship.
The photograph is immodest and ought to be changed. The upper arms of every human must be covered.