Bishop Athanasius Schneider’s recent catechism Credo: Compendium of the Catholic Faith, published in late 2023 by Sophia Institute Press, has been hailed by high prelates and famous theologians as a much-needed clarification of Catholic teaching in the face of modern doctrinal errors. Bishop Schneider has made a name for himself as a forceful dissenter against the hail of confusing formulations raining from Rome in recent years, and Catholic readers in general have received Credo as a welcome corrective by a courageous bishop.
Dr. Scott Hahn congratulates Schnieder for “filling [Credo] with pure doctrine,” and Cardinal Robert Sarah calls Credo, a “faithful, succinct, profound, and truly up-to-date exposition of the teaching of the Catholic Church.” Fr. Michael Fiedrowicz, Chair of Ancient Church History and Patrology, Theological Faculty of Trier, Germany, says that with his new catechism, Schneider “unswervingly defends and proclaims the depositum fidei entrusted to him.” The work has received the imprimatur of the Bishop of Manchester, New Hampshire, Peter Libasci, and enjoys an average 4.5 star rating from readers on Goodreads and a 4.8 rating on Amazon.
In his endorsement of Credo, Cardinal Sarah laments that “So much is said by so many about the Catholic Faith today — some of it is confusing, some is downright erroneous,” an affirmation that is lamentably true. Sadly, however, it must be said that the same description could be made of Credo itself, a work that contains numerous salutary affirmations of long-forgotten truths, but unfortunately is also marred by ambiguities and serious errors that counteract its purpose as a reliable corrective.
It first must be acknowledged that Credo abounds with important points of doctrine that have been mostly lost in many modern catechetical works. For example, Schneider clearly reaffirms the politically-incorrect but vital doctrine of the authority of husbands over wives, a teaching stated at least five times in the New Testament but virtually missing from modern catechisms. He also restates the Catholic doctrine, so well-established in the Papal Magisterium, on the duties of the state to God and the Church, and includes important notes on ecumenism and the danger of errors in other religions that have been deemphasized or ignored in recent years. Credo offers countless other examples of this kind, and for these, of course, I am grateful.
However, Credo also contains a disturbing number of affirmations that must be said to be misleading or even clearly erroneous regarding important truths of the Catholic Faith, and this can only undermine Bishop Schnieder’s noble purpose. It seems that the good bishop, in his eagerness to counteract false interpretations of the faith, has allowed himself to go to opposite extremes that may also lead to error. His work in this sense often appears to be oversimplistic, hasty, and reactive, and sometimes reads more like a polemic than a catechism. In this sense, Credo is sadly characteristic of the often deficient response that Catholic traditionalists—of whom I have counted myself one for decades—have offered to the neo-modernist tendencies in the Church in the last sixty years.
Given that Schneider seeks to correct what he sees as errors and ambiguities in the more recent magisterium of the Church, I will show in my critique below that in fact his response is sometimes far from “traditional”, and that in these unfortunate cases he appears to be contradicting not only recent statements by Church authorities, but also teaching contained in Scripture, the Church Fathers, Aquinas, ecumenical councils, traditional catechisms, and older pre-Vatican II papal magisterial documents. My purpose is not to accuse Bishop Schneider of bad faith or question his orthodoxy, but merely to call attention to the need for care and rigor in projects such as these, lest the very cause for which they were undertaken be harmed rather than helped.
Created in God’s image and likeness
Among the greatest defects in Schneider’s catechism is his misleading statements about the nature of man created in the image and likeness of God, a question that is also closely related to the understanding of God as Father of all of mankind, as well as the innate dignity and fraternity of all human beings. In fact, it appears that it is his enthusiasm for denying an innate dignity in all human beings that drives Schneider to attack the claim that all of mankind bears God’s image. It is clear that the bishop is seeking to counteract naturalistic tendencies in recent Catholic theology stemming from the Enlightenment, but by overreacting he does violence to traditional Catholic doctrine regarding the goodness of man’s created nature.
In Part I, paragraph 224, Schneider asks, “Is the dignity of the human person rooted in his creation in God’s image and likeness?” and answers that “This was true for Adam, but with the Original Sin the human person lost this resemblance and dignity in the eyes of God,” adding “he recovers this dignity through baptism.” However, this has never been the Church’s understanding; rather, the notion of man as bearing the image of God has always been rooted in his nature as a rational and spiritual creature, who is capable of knowing and loving God. In this most fundamental sense, human nature is not lost through original sin, but is corrupted only in secondary senses.
St. Thomas Aquinas in the Summa Theologiae (I, 93.4) states this explicitly, noting that the “principal signification” of man being made in the image and likeness of God lies in our “intellectual nature,” which is shared by all humanity. He notes that because of his rational intellect, “man possesses a natural aptitude for understanding and loving God; and this aptitude consists in the very nature of the mind, which is common to all men” and therefore the image of God “is found in all men” according to the natural sense. He recognizes that there are two supernatural senses in which man may also be in the image and likeness of God: first, insofar as man is just, and second, insofar as he is among the blessed in heaven. But they are both predicated on the first, which is man’s spiritual nature and rational faculty.
This understanding of the meaning of man bearing the “image and likeness of God” is found as well in the writings of the Fathers such as Augustine (De Trinitate, VII) who notes that “man was made after the image of Him that created him…according to the rational mind”. It is also found in the Catechism of Pope St. Pius X (“God the Father”, q. 33), which tells us that we bear God’s image “because the human soul is spiritual and rational, free in its operations, capable of knowing and loving God and of enjoying Him forever.” The Catechism of the Catholic Church makes virtually the same statement in paragraph 1705, stating that man is in God’s image “by virtue of his soul and his spiritual powers of intellect and will.”
But wasn’t our nature corrupted by the sin of Adam and Eve? In an important sense, yes, but Aquinas makes it clear that in the primary and most fundamental sense, the same that constitutes the image of God, the good of our nature remains intact. In the Summa Theologiae (I-II, 85, 1), Aquinas notes that the good of nature is not diminished by sin in “the principles of which nature is constituted, and the properties that flow from them, such as the powers of the soul, and so forth” but only in the secondary sense that our “natural inclination to virtue” is diminished, and the original justice from sanctifying grace is also lost. This is an important distinction to note, lest we fall into the “total depravity” doctrine of Luther condemned by the Council of Trent.
Inequality of dignity?
In furtherance of his dispute against natural human dignity, Schneider goes on (in part 1, par. 225) to answer the question, “Then human dignity is not the same in all persons?” “No,” he responds. “The human person loses his dignity in proportion to his free choice of error or evil.”
It should be noted that our innate human dignity flows from the same principles in man’s nature that make him in the image and likeness of God (his rational intellect and freedom of will, which enable him to choose God). As Aquinas tells us (Sum. The. III 4.1), this great “dignity,” which made man a fitting subject for the Incarnation, exists in man because “human nature, as being rational and intellectual, was made for attaining to the Word to some extent by its operation, viz. by knowing and loving Him.” Given that this dignity is derived from man’s created nature, how can it not be fundamentally the same in all human beings who share that nature? Aquinas affirms that it is, noting that “By nature all men are equal” (Sum. The. II-II 104.5).
With regard to the fundamental natural dignity of every human person, the Catechism of the Catholic Church quotes St. Catherine of Sienna affirming that our dignity arises from the same natural principles that make us an image of God, which would imply a fundamental equality of dignity at the natural level of our being. Catherine is quoted as asking God, “What made you establish man in so great a dignity? Certainly the incalculable love by which you have looked on your creature in yourself! You are taken with love for her; for by love indeed you created her, by love you have given her a being capable of tasting your eternal Good” (par. 356).
Schneider’s point would be an important and useful one to make if it were clearly in reference to the sense of the supernatural dignity attaching to sanctifying grace and original justice that was lost after the fall. Moreover, as Aquinas observes, individuals may also differ in dignity for a variety of reasons attaching to their social circumstances (for example, parents have a higher dignity in the hierarchy of the family than their children), a notion Aquinas calls “personal dignity” (Sum. The. II-II 63.1). Schneider could have made such distinctions here, but his careless language, rather than clarifying this point, muddies it further.
Such careful distinctions are crucial for Christian ethics, which must guide our conduct not only with regard to other Christians, but all of humanity, who bear God’s image whether or not they are baptized or in the state of grace. It is clear that Christians are morally bound always to recognize the natural and innate dignity of every human being, born and unborn, whether or not they have received the grace of baptism or have the virtue of faith. Those who forget this truth, even if out of some misguided zeal for moral purity, may legitimize injustices and atrocities against non-Christians, whose natural rights they are bound to respect. It was for this very reason that the eminent theologians of the School of Salamanca established the foundations of human rights law, seeking to correct injustices against the non-Christian inhabitants of the New World.
Children of God
Having denied that all human beings bear the likeness of God, Schneider continues with the same poor reasoning in part 1, paragraph 226, where he quotes the Catechism of the Catholic Church (par. 2212), asking, “Isn’t every human person ‘a son or daughter of the one who wants to be called “our Father”?’” “No,” he answers flatly. “One becomes a child of God only through explicit faith in Jesus Christ, the Incarnate Word and Son of God, being reborn of God…through the sacrament of baptism”. In a footnote he calls the statement “a regrettable affirmation of the Catechism of the Catholic Church,” but in fact it is Schneider’s deficient catechesis that is regrettable here.
In reality, the Church has always used the concept of divine filiation or sonship with regard to human persons in two senses: their relation to God as creature to creator (that is, by their nature created in God’s image) and adoption by supernatural grace, each corresponding to the senses in which man bears the image of God. This is distinguished from the natural filiation of God the Son by way of procession from the Father.
The Angelic Doctor, in his work on the Lord’s Prayer (“Expositio in orationem dominicam”), teaches this in no uncertain terms, stating expressly that all men are sons of God and brothers because of their creation by God in his image and likeness, and distinguishing this sense of sonship from supernatural adoption. He cites numerous passages of Scripture in support of both senses.
Commenting on the phrase “our Father” in the Lord’s Prayer, Aquinas notes that “God is called ‘Father’ by reason of our special creation, in that He created us in His image and likeness, which he did not impress upon other inferior creatures: ‘Is not He thy Father, that made thee, and created thee’ (Deut., 32: 6)?” Aquinas then distinguishes this sense from the sense of “sonship” as adoption by supernatural grace: “[God is our Father] also by reason of adoption, because to other creatures He has given but a small gift, but to us an inheritance, and this because we are sons, and ‘if sons, heirs also’ (Rom., 8:17).”
Aquinas expounds on this point further in the same work, noting that “this shows that we owe two things to our neighbors. First we owe them love, because they are our brothers, for all are sons of God: ‘For he that loveth not his brother whom he seeth, how can he love God whom he seeth not (1 John 4: 20)?’ We also owe them reverence because they are children (“filii” or “sons”) of God: ‘Have we not all one Father? Hath not one God created us? Why then does everyone of us despise his brother?’ (Mal., 2: 10).” To these Scripture passages one could easily add the example of St. Paul’s statement to the pagan Athenians that “we are his (God’s) offspring” (Acts 17: 28-29) and the genealogy of Christ in the Gospel of Luke (3: 23-38), which speaks of Adam as though he were God’s son.
The distinction is further made by early Church Father St. Iranaeus of Lyons (Against Heresies, book 4, chap. 41) who states, “According to nature, then — that is, according to creation, so to speak — we are all sons of God, because we have all been created by God. But with respect to obedience and doctrine we are not all the sons of God: those only are so who believe in Him and do His will.” It is also mentioned in the Catechism of Pope St. Pius X (“Second Article of the Creed,”, q. 3) acknowledges the same two senses of divine sonship applicable to human beings: created human nature and supernatural adoption: “Jesus Christ is called the only Son of God the Father, because He alone is His Son by nature, whereas we are His sons by creation and adoption.”
To support his denial of the common sonship of man in relation to God as Creator, Schneider uses a quote from Romans 9:8 out of context: “It is not the children of the flesh who are the children of God, but the children of the promise are counted as descendants.” He fails to mention that this passage is directed against those who count themselves as God’s covenantal children by way of physical descent from Abraham, rather than by participation in the Abrahamic covenant by way of faith, which is evident from the preceding sentence (verses 6-7): “…For all are not Israelites that are of Israel. Neither are all they that are the seed of Abraham, children: but in Isaac shall thy seed be called.” The passage clearly refers to supernatural sonship by covenantal grace, not the sense of sonship through creation by God.
Are all men brothers? Schneider on “basic human fraternity”
Schneider asks the question (part 1, par. 228), “Does Christian humanism radically affirm the dignity of every person as a child of God, thereby establishing a basic fraternity?” In a footnote to the quote, Schneider calls this statement “a confusing claim of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1676” and flatly answers, “No. It is the sacrament of baptism that establishes basic human fraternity”.
Schneider supports his rejection of a “basic fraternity” among human beings by quoting a passage from the First Vatican Council’s Dei Filius, chapter 3, out of context. He translates the passage as stating, “There is no parity between the condition of those who have adhered to the Catholic truth by the heavenly gift of faith, and the condition of those who, led by human opinions, follow a false religion.” The original Latin would be more clearly translated as “the condition of those who have adhered to Catholic truth by the heavenly gift of faith, and of those who, led by human opinion, follow a false religion, is not at all the same (or “not at all equal”) (“minime par est conditio eorum, qui per caeleste fidei donum catholicae veritati adhaeserunt, atque eorum, qui ducti opinionibus humanis, falsam religionem sectantur”). He quotes a similar passage from the corresponding dogmatic canon in Dei Filius.
The quotation, taken alone, does little to support Schneider’s rejection of a “basic human fraternity” among men, and even less when seen in full context. The purpose of this statement from Dei Filius is clearly given in the surrounding text and in the dogmatic canon. The explanatory text states: “For those who have received the faith under the magisterium of the Church can never have any just cause for changing or revoking the same out of doubt” (“illi enim, qui fidem sub Ecclesiae magisterio susceperunt, nullam umquam habere possunt iustam causam mutandi, aut in dubium idem eandem revocandi”).
In other words, the difference in “condition” is that a non-Catholic who is influenced by a false religion may have just cause for questioning and doubting the truths of that religion, but a properly-instructed and baptized Catholic does not have the same just cause for casting into doubt the Catholic faith. The same paragraph explains that this is because God gives the believing Catholic grace to receive and persevere in the faith: “Those whom God has transferred into his admirable light, he confirms in the same light with his grace so that they may persevere, not deserting them, unless he himself is deserted” (“eos, quos de tenebris transtulit in admirabile lumen suum, in hoc eodem lumine ut perseverent, gratia sua confirmat, non deserens, nisi deseratur”).
The same is made clear in the corresponding sixth dogmantic canon on Faith from Dei Filius: “If anyone says that the condition of the faithful and of those who have not yet come to the one true faith are the same, such that Catholics might have a just reason for suspending their assent and calling the faith into doubt until they carry out a scientific demonstration of the credibility and truth of their faith, let them be anathema (italics mine)” (“Si quis dixerit, parem esse conditionem fidelium atque eorum, qui ad fidem unice veram nondum pervenerunt, ita ut catholici iustam causam habere possint, fidem, quam sub Ecclesiae magisterio iam susceperunt, assensu suspenso in dubium vocandi, donec demonstrationem scientificam credibilitatis et veritatis fidei suae absolverint; anathema sit.”)
Given that all human beings are descended from Adam, and all have God as their Father in the sense of being creatures in his image and likeness, it follows that a basic and natural fraternity exists between all human beings, even if there is not an equality of their spiritual condition. We have already seen that not only does the Catechism of the Catholic Church state this, but but also St. Thomas Aquinas quotes the prophet Malachai (2:10) to this effect. Strangely, in the very next paragraph of his Credo (part 1, par. 228), Schneider also acknowledges that a fraternity of “blood” exists between human beings that is “based on nature” and our common descent from Adam, although he again fails to recognize that this fraternity ultimately arises from the fatherhood of God as Creator.
“There are two kinds of fraternity: that of blood, in Adam and Eve, and that of grace in Jesus Christ, given through his Church and sacraments,” states Schneider, adding that “perfect human dignity and fraternity for all human beings can only have one source: Jesus Christ.” In the next paragraph (229), he denies that “a merely human fraternity is sufficient for man” and warns in the following paragraph (230) that “the promotion of a purely human fraternity easily leads toward a universal religion in the Freemasonic sense.”
All of these affirmations are true and good, even if Schneider fails to acknowledge that God is our common Father as our creator, but how does this deny a “basic human fraternity” among men? In fact, if we are to accept the scholastic dictum derived from Sts. Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas, that “grace builds on nature” as its foundation, hasn’t Schneider rather proven the existence of a “basic human fraternity” by way of man’s natural fraternity?
The sacred liturgy: glorification vs sanctification?
Schneider’s excessive polemicism also extends to his critique of modern liturgical abuses. As Cardinal Josef Ratzinger and numerous other critics of the liturgical reform observed, the versus populum orientation and other aspects of modern liturgical practice may lead to the impression that the liturgy is oriented to man in his community rather than orienting the worshiper to God, a very legitimate criticism that is more relevant today than ever. In his Credo, Schneider had the opportunity to clarify this important point without doing violence to the truth that the primary purpose of the sacraments (which are the principal part of the liturgy) does in fact include and entail the sanctification of the faithful. Instead, he appears to deny this in certain passages, making the sanctification of the faithful appear “secondary” and non-essential.
In Part III, q. 755, Schneider asks, “Is the liturgy primarily for the instruction or edification of man?” He answers, “No. The liturgy is primarily for the glorification of God. In a connected but secondary way, it is also a source of instruction and sanctification for those who participate in it.”
Although Schneider has some ground to stand on here, his statement is ill-explained and potentially misleading. The whole purpose of creation is the glorification of God, as the First Vatican Council dogmatically defines (“On God the Creator”, can. 5), and of course this is supremely true of the worship of God by his creatures in the sacred liturgy, as St. Thomas observes in the Summa Theologiae (II-II, 93, 2) . However, as Aquinas points out in the same work (I, 65, 2), the glorification of God in our created world is accomplished through the perfection of creation (his intrinsic glory is absolute and infinite and cannot be altered).
Given that man is God’s greatest creation among physical creatures, and is perfected through his sanctification, how can the glorification of God and the sanctification of man be separated from one another? They are clearly two ways of expressing the same relation, one in reference to the cause, and the other in relation to the effect, as Aquinas also instructs us (Sum. The. III, 60, 5). In other words, God sanctifies us through our glorification of him, and we glorify him through the sanctity he has given us, as he is “glorified in his saints” (2 Thess. 1:10).
This equation of the glorification of God and the sanctification of man in the sacrificial economy of the Church is made very clearly by Pope Pius XII in his encyclical on the liturgy, Mediator Dei (1947). Pius states that Christ’s sacrifice on the cross enables each person to “set about the personal task of achieving his own sanctification, so rendering to God the glory due to Him.” He also states that, in Christ’s sacrifice, the glorification of the Father and his act of sanctifying man are one “single aim”: “At the Last Supper He celebrates a new Pasch with solemn rite and ceremonial, and provides for its continuance through the divine institution of the Eucharist. On the morrow, lifted up between heaven and earth, He offers the saving sacrifice of His life, and pours forth, as it were, from His pierced Heart the sacraments destined to impart the treasures of redemption to the souls of men. All this He does with but a single aim: the glory of His Father and man’s ever greater sanctification.”
As his only source for his claim, Schneider refers us to session 22 of the Council of Trent (the Decree on the Sacrifice of the Mass), chapter one. However, the text not only fails to support him, but rather undermines his claim, stating clearly that the reason for Christ’s priesthood and the Mass is our perfection through sanctification.
The text of chapter one begins, “Whereas, under the former Testament, according to the testimony of the Apostle Paul, there was no perfection due to the weakness of the Levitical priesthood, it was proper for God, the Father of mercies, to ordain that another priest should rise according to the order of Melchizedek, our Lord Jesus Christ, who might consummate, and lead to perfection, as many of those who were to be sanctified” (translation mine).
The chapter continues with the same theme, informing us that Christ offered himself on the cross “to operate an eternal redemption;” and established the Mass to represent and perpetuate the memory of this sacrifice, which is to be “applied to the remission of those sins which we daily commit”. In other words, to sanctify us. No explicit mention is made of the glorification of God, although of course this is entailed in our sanctification.
It is notable that that Trent only mentions glorification once in session 22, in its “Decree on what is to be observed and avoided in the celebration of the Mass,” and that is to order its reforms so that “due honor and cult may, for the glory of God and the edification of the faithful people, be restored,” therefore joining together the glory of God and the edification of the faithful.
It’s understandable that Schneider might wish to counteract the tendency in modern liturgical practice to understand the Mass as “the community celebrating itself,” as Cardinal Josef Ratzinger rightly decried in his memoir La mia vita (2005), removing its orientation to God as primary. The versus populum orientation and the tendency of priests to innovate the Roman rite in other ways clearly contribute to this tendency. However, Schneider’s incautious language seems to imply that the sanctification of man is only a secondary byproduct of the Mass and the liturgy in general, when in fact it is intrinsic to it and inseparable from it.
Although “liturgy” includes all of the official, public rites of the Church, its supreme expression is found in the sacraments, and above all, in the Eucharistic Sacrifice. In the eastern rites, the word “liturgy” is mainly used in reference to the Eucharist, which is called the Divine Liturgy. The Roman Catechism, issued by the Holy See to implement the reforms of the Council of Trent, repeatedly tells us that sacraments in general are to be defined as “a visible sign of an invisible grace, instituted for our justification” (De sacramentis, I, V), an understanding derived from the writings of St. Augustine (De catechizandis rudibus, XXVI). In other words, they exist to restore or preserve the original justice given to us by sanctifying grace.
To be fair to Schenider, post-Tridentine theologians of the last two hundred years have placed a strong emphasis on the purpose of the Mass as the honor of God, normally listing it first among its purposes, which is appropriate because it most explicitly makes God the end of the liturgy. The Catechism of Pope St. Pius X (“The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass”, q. 9) lists as first of the ends of the Mass as “to honor him (God) properly” and the Baltimore Catechism #3 (q. 922) lists the first end for which the sacrifice of the cross was offered as “to honor and glorify God”. Both place the obtainment of grace as fourth in the list, which could easily be read as corresponding to sanctification, although it doesn’t have to be understood that way. In fact, the word “sanctification” doesn’t appear in the list of purposes in those catechisms.
Nineteenth and early twentieth century theological manuals sometimes had similar content, for example, the famous Sacrae Theologiae Summa (book 4, tract. 3, par. 213), states with regard to the Mass that “Latria (adoration) is the essential and primary purpose of any sacrifice, and it is therefore the first effect that follows from it.” Pope Pius XII, again in Mediator Dei, listed the purposes of the Mass as “adoration”, “thanksgiving,” “expiation,” and “petition” or “impetration”, and a similar list is given in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. However, it would seem wrong to read these purposes as if they exclude sanctification, which, again, is not named as a distinct purpose among the others.
Glorification vs. communion?
In a similar vein, in part 3, q. 448, Schneider asks, “To assist well at Mass, must we receive Holy Communion?” He answers, “No. As Mass exists first to glorify God, our assistance is primarily one of adoration, to which Holy Communion may be added if we are properly disposed. This is why we are bound to attend Mass at least once per week (on Sundays), but are bound to receive communion only once per year.”
Of course it is true that the faithful in general are not strictly obligated to receive the consecrated species at each Mass, and this is a point made by Pope Pius XII in Mediator Dei and enshrined in canon law for centuries. As Schneider states, on can participate well in the Mass by uniting one’s self spiritually with the action of sacrifice and in adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. However, Mediator Dei also observes that the reception of Holy Communion is not at all an optional part of the Mass itself; the sacred minister who celebrates the Mass is absolutely required to communicate under both species, every time. Moreover, the faithful in general are exhorted by the Church to receive as frequently as possible, preferably every time they participate in the Mass, assuming they have the proper dispositions and are free from mortal sin.
This is not a novelty established in recent decades, but an ancient teaching of the Church found in the very words of the Lord’s Prayer as they appear in the original Greek and St. Jerome’s translation of the Gospel of Matthew “Give us this day our supersubstantial bread” (6:11) – a clear reference to the Eucharist. This is why the Council of Trent (sess. 22, ch. 6) declared that “The holy council wishes indeed that at each mass the faithful who are present should communicate, not only in spiritual desire but also by the sacramental partaking of the Eucharist, that thereby they may derive from this most holy sacrifice a more abundant fruit”.
The Roman Catechism, citing St. Augustine, instructs pastors to urge the faithful to receive Holy Communion as often as possible, preferably every day: “Let not the faithful imagine that it is enough to receive the body of the Lord once a year only, in obedience to the decree of the Church. They should approach oftener; but whether monthly, weekly, or daily, cannot be decided by any fixed universal rule. St. Augustine, however, lays down a most certain norm: Live in such a manner as to be able to receive every day. It will therefore be the duty of the pastor frequently to admonish the faithful that, as they deem it necessary to afford daily nutriment to the body, they should also feel solicitous to feed and nourish the soul every day with this heavenly food”.
Pope Pius X blamed infrequent communion on the Jansenist heresy and sought to encourage frequent and daily communion, in his Decree on Frequent and Daily Reception of Holy Communion, issued in 1905. Even Schneider himself (part 3, q. 400) mentions “frequent communion” as one of several means to “prove our love and devotion to Our Lord in the Blessed Sacrament”.
This matter might have supplied the opportunity to Schneider to mention the fundamental relationship between a sacrifice and meal in the sacramental economies of the Old and New Testaments. Most sacrifices of the Old Testament, including the daily sacrifices of the Temple and particularly the Passover supper, involved eating part or all of the sacrificial victim. The Last Supper is seen by Scripture scholars as the first part of Christ’s sacrifice on the Cross, in which the sacrificial lamb is Jesus himself. This is why the crucifixion took place on the Passover, and it is why the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass can never be separated from the reception of Holy Communion by the celebrant. “For Christ our pasch is sacrificed. Therefore let us feast…” (1 Cor. 5:7-8).
Careless language about the Incarnation
In his apparent eagerness to reject naturalistic systems of thought that deny the reality or the importance of the Incarnation of Christ, Schneider makes vague and ambiguous statements that could easily be misread and do little to shed light on Catholic doctrine.
One of these is the strange assertion that “all life and existence hinges on the Incarnation of the Son of God.” The statement appears rather suddenly in part 1, par. 294, and is accompanied by no clear explanation. Schneider adds that those who deny the Incarnation “will have suffering in this life and be eternally lost in the next,” a statement that is obviously true given the proper caveats regarding non-culpable ignorance, but whose relation to the topic at hand is not clear.
It is hard to imagine what possible meaning this first phrase could have. In light of the statement that follows, does Schneider mean “salvation” when he refers to “all life and existence”? If so, why does he use the latter phrase, which has vastly different implications? Is he is thinking of Scripture passages appropriating to the Son the act of creating and sustaining the existence of the world, such as “All things were made by him”, “All things were created through him and for him”, “He is before all things, and in him all things hold together,” etc.? Indeed, the whole Trinity, including the Son, created the world and all it contains. However, this doesn’t mean that creation depends on the Incarnation for its existence; after all, the Incarnation is itself a created and contingent reality (as Aquinas observes in the Summa Theologiae III, 2), and didn’t exist at the creation of the world.
One might dismiss the above quotation as simply ambiguous language rather than an exaggeration of the doctrine of the Incarnation. However, the paragraph immediately prior to it partakes of the same tendency, appearing to elevate the Incarnation to the principal dogma of the faith, upon which all others depend. Schneider states (part 1, par. 293) that “Every departure from Catholic doctrine is essentially an error about the Incarnation.” Again, he gives no explanation for this vast claim, and one must ask how this could possibly be, particularly given that the greatest and most sublime of all of doctrines is clearly the Blessed Trinity, which is the “central mystery of the Christian faith and life” and “the source of all the other mysteries of faith” (Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 234).
It is true that all of the Church’s doctrines are directly or indirectly interrelated, so we could argue that denying any one undermines the others, but then this statement would be applicable to all doctrines, and not just the doctrine of the Incarnation. Given that the Incarnation is not a necessary and absolute reality, as is the divine Trinitarian nature but a created and contingent one, how is it that all other doctrines depend on it? For example, do Trinitarian heresies, like the denial of the double procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son, somehow entail a denial of the Incarnation? If so, how?
Fudging the definition of schism
In Part I, par. 564, Schneider sets a trap for himself by falsely defining schism, which undermines his legitimate efforts to clarify the limits of obedience to ecclesiastical authority. The traditional definition found in the 1917 Code of Canon Law is the act of “refusing to submit to the Supreme Pontiff or to maintain communion with members of the Church who are subject to him”. The current CIC has virtually the same definition. However, Schneider tells us (Part I, par. 254) that schism is to be defined simply as “refusing to recognize the Supreme Pontiff,” an insufficient and ambiguous phrase that opens him to the charge of redefining the term for his own convenience, given that his catechism contains other statements about the limitation of obedience owed to prelates.
This is particularly awkward for Schneider, who has recently made common cause with the Priestly Fraternity of St. Pius X, an organization of dubious canonical status that for years was led by excommunicated bishops and whose priests were regarded as automatically suspended a divinis. Moreoever, Schneider’s own position as a dissident of the Francis papacy also makes him an easy target of accusations of schismatic disobedience, however unfair such accusations might be. Why raise the issue by this clearly watered-down definition of schism?
History of the canon of Scripture rewritten
In his eagerness to defend the faith, Schneider falls into at least one major historical error as well. It appears in paragraph 29 of the Introduction, in which Schneider makes the strange claim that the canon of Scripture was “uncontested” from the fifth century until Luther denied the Greek and Aramaic Old Testament scriptures (often called the “deuterocanonicals”) as a way of rejecting proof-texts for Catholic doctrine.
It is true that Luther wrongly took this position in order to attack Catholic doctrine, and it is also true that the canonicity of various deuterocanonical books were repeatedly affirmed by popes and councils over many centuries. Such facts should be clearly stated in addressing this issue. However, it is simply false to claim that the canon of Scripture was uncontested in the Church before Luther. No dogmatic declaration was made regarding the canon until the Council of Trent in 1546, and in the preceding centuries that numerous authorities freely denied the canonicity of various Old Testament deuterocanonical books.
Jerome’s prefaces to his Vulgate translation openly denied the canonicity of the deuterocanonicals, and although Jerome himself appears to have at least partially retracted his view later, these prefaces were widely republished throughout the Middle Ages in many editions of the Vulgate as well as the famous Scripture commentaries of the Glossa Ordinaria, with no caveats. Among the many Medieval theologians who rejected some or all deuterocanonicals was Gregory the Great (later Pope), who explicitly denied the canonicity of the first book of Maccabees in his famous sixth century commentaries on the Book of Job (book 19, chapter 34), and Thomas Cajetan, a cardinal and the most eminent theologian of the early 16th century, who flatly denied the canonicity of all the deuterocanonicals, claiming Jerome’s authority exceeded even councils and doctors of the Church (In omnes authenticos veteris testamenti historiales libros commentarii, 481b-482a.)
God is not the cause of physical evil?
In part 1, paragraphs 56-57 Schneider strangely claims that physical evils (which he calls “imperfections of creation”) are merely “permitted” by God to exist, stating that God “can only cause good.” Even more strangely, this assertion is immediately undermined by a quotation he makes of Ephriam the Syrian, who notes that God “smites” his creatures for their sins, a transitive term in the active voice, which certainly implies more than a passive permission for physical evils. Similar language appears countless times in both Old and New Testaments in reference to God’s punishments.
Aquinas (Sum. The. I 49.2) on this point is clear: God is indeed the author of the evil of punishment, but not the evil of fault (which caused by our own moral deficiencies). In the same article, Aquinas notes that God also causes evil in nature for the purpose of perfecting the general order of creation, and further cites divine punishments for sin as an example of physical evils caused by God. Aquinas makes a similar distinction (Sum. The. I-II 79.2) between sin and its accompanying act, noting that God is not the cause of the former but is in fact the cause of the latter.
Adam and Eve “perfectly fulfilled” in the Garden of Eden?
In Part I, paragraph 165, Schneider makes the unfortunate statement that Adam and Eve were “perfectly fulfilled” in the Garden of Eden. However, this is at best bad theology. As Aquinas observes (Sum. The. I 94.), Adam and Eve enjoyed the preternatural gifts and had sanctifying grace but did not enjoy the beatific vision of God, which is necessary for the perfect happiness of man (Sum. The. I-II 3.8).
Is Schneider making the novel claim that Adam and Eve enjoyed the Beatific Vision in the Garden of Eden? Presumably not, but given that that is man’s perfect fulfillment, he would certainly seem to be implying it. Whether it’s sloppy and hasty writing or bad theology, it’s misleading.
Redemption for Credo?
Although Credo, in my estimation, must be said to fail in its purpose, its successful publication and its eager reception by Catholic clergy and laity are a reminder of the deep need in the Church for a reaffirmation of so many truths of the faith that have been obscured in recent decades. The project of producing a comprehensive and careful response to modern confusion is a worthy one that would seem to exceed the limits of a mere question-and-answer catechism, and would require careful preparation and critical review by theologians who are thoroughly acquainted with the Church’s organic, bimilennial tradition in all of its principal elements.
What is certain is that such a project must avoid being merely reactive to the Second Vatican Council and the more recent magisterium’s tendency to novel formulations that appear to be theologically deficient or otherwise problematical. A sound response is one that answers ambiguity with clarity, and the statement of partial truths or the overemphasis on certain truths with a complete and proportional presentation of the matter in question.
Those of us who count ourselves as “traditionalists” often fall into the trap of knee-jerk reaction that falls into the other side of a false either-or proposition, when a “both-and” response is what is truly necessary, filling in the gaps and providing the context that is lost in the ambiguous statements of modernist theologians. We should strive to present Catholic doctrine in a fundamentally positive way, not as a refutation of some other system of thought, as if it is merely the answer to some error but, rather, as the supreme expression of reality as it really is, prepared to stand on its own and provide a better alternative to deficient and incomplete expressions of the truth. It is the task of the traditional theologian to offer something better, deeper, and more comprehensive, rather than simply reacting to error and denying what is wrong. That challenge is still awaiting faithful Catholic theologians with the patience and determination to carry it out.
Credo: Compendium of the Catholic Faith
By Bishop Athanasius Schneider
Sophia Institute Press, 2023
Hardcover, 402 pages
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“For example, Schneider clearly reaffirms the politically-incorrect but vital doctrine of the authority of husbands over wives, a teaching stated at least five times in the New Testament but virtually missing from modern catechisms.”
Yeah, no. I’ve asked around about this, and there are reasons why the older teaching has faded out over the past several decades. One is that the New Testament never actually says that wives are to obey their husbands (Fr. Francis Martin notes this in his great critique of feminist theology, noting that there is only one occasion where it might *indirectly* be affirmed). As far as I can tell, the Roman Catechism’s formulation of “wifely obedience” is as relevant as its discussion of limbo. This is hardly to deny the traditional testimony, but rather to note that these traditions are not Tradition. Ephesians commands wives to respect their husbands and husbands to sacrificially love their wives. The teachings of modern popes increasingly grasp this essence: Leo XIII and Pius XI command that wives be recognized as independent persons, companions and not servants, and John Paul the Great draws out the spirit of the passage in speaking of “mutual submission” (which, contrary to certain accusations, he did not regard as “identical submission”).
In reality, the Scripture repeatedly and clearly states that wives must obey their husbands, and it was always interpreted that way by the Fathers, and as you point out, it’s in the Roman Catechism (by the way your jab at limbo is misplaced — the Church never rejected the doctrine outright but simply allows for other possibilities, according to the CDF, now DDF).
You mention Pius XI’s statements about this doctrine in a misleading way. He clearly restates the doctrine that wives must obey their husbands, although of course this obedience is not meant as something slavish or demeaning, nor absolute. Here are his own words in paragraph 26 of Casti Connubii: “Domestic society being confirmed, therefore, by this bond of love, there should flourish in it that ‘order of love,’ as St. Augustine calls it. This order includes both the primacy of the husband with regard to the wife and children, the ready subjection of the wife and her willing obedience, which the Apostle commends in these words: ‘Let women be subject to their husbands as to the Lord, because the husband is the head of the wife, and Christ is the head of the Church.'”
Yes, Pius XI does qualify this in the next paragraph by stating that women have a proper dignity and liberty and that obedience has limits. A wife does not have to “obey her husband’s every request if not in harmony with right reason or with the dignity due to wife; nor, in fine, does it imply that the wife should be put on a level with those persons who in law are called minors…”
It must be remembered that in Christianity, leadership is an act of service, undertaken out of love and care for the whole society that is governed. So this doesn’t imply an arbitrary dictatorship of the husband nor of any degrading treatment of his wife, but quite the opposite. As Jesus states in Matthew 20:25-28, “whosoever will be the greater among you, let him be your minister: And he that will be first among you, shall be your servant. Even as the Son of man is not come to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a redemption for many.”
As a better metallurgist than a theologian, as best that I can discern. I would add the appreciation the role of the Greatest Commandment that to love God to the fullest is to be obedient to God whom desires the best for us, to be in full communion with Him on both sides of the grave. As a man, a steward of God’s gift of husband and father I love my wife, to desire the best for her no different that God desires the best for me. As a woman, steward, wife and mother she would love her husband, desiring the best for him respectfully in their mutual obedience to God and love of God. Our love and trust for each other would the be aligned with our respective love of God, Our Father our Patriarch. Thank you for your comment that provide clarification and food for thought.
In closing, I find these articles as disturbing as enlightening with a deeper appreciation for how readily what has been shared and taught has not been quite right to the point that I sense that the laity, called to the active life style have been scattered to the wilderness with no idea how scattered and lost we are, may God have mercy on our souls.
This is deeply misguided. In the first place, bare assertion without argument or evidence merely confirms my point: the New Testament does not teach “wives obey your husbands.” Cite it, if you can.
Second, you will note that I did not say about limbo what you claim I said. I stated it was no longer relevant. Which is true; the Church has disclaimed the opinion, which it never formally taught. In the same way, I am deeply skeptical that you can find any dogmatic statement that wives are to obey their husbands (which is a different request from “any statement”).
Finally, you falsely claim that I misstate papal teaching. Again, this is inaccurate, because I did not endeavor to precisely state this teaching in the first place. Rather, the burden is on you to demonstrate that these passages, scant as they are, constitute irreformable doctrine. And that is impossible, since there are multiple parallel passages from contemporary popes that have not been thus received: e.g., Leo XIII and Pius XII on the absolute inerrancy of Scripture under the model “what is affirmed is inerrant” (Ratzinger and those who follow him dramatically reinterpret “affirmed”) or Pius XII’s “the soul and the body of the Church are separate” (already rejected pre-Vatican II by the unimpeachable Cardinal Journet).
You’re apparently not reading what I wrote above. Quoting Pope Pius XI quoting Scripture isn’t “bare assertion.”
If you are attempting spin these passages to reinterpret “submit” to mean something other than obey, then your dispute is with the popes and the Fathers. The Church has always interpreted those passages that way, and who can believe that Christ’s Church wouldn’t understand its own scriptures for 2,000 years? That’s the absurd claim of Protestantism.
‘You’re apparently not reading what I wrote above. Quoting Pope Pius XI quoting Scripture isn’t “bare assertion.”’
It is also not serious argument. The mere fact that a doctrine appears in a papal document does not entail that it constitutes the irreformable teaching of the Church. To quote Pius XI and then say “QED” is as effective as quoting St. John Paul II teaching “mutual submission” and saying “QED.” You must demonstrate that this doctrine has been consistently taught down to the present day as a matter of dogma (and for reference, that doctrine to which I am referring is “wives obey your husbands”), which you cannot do.
‘If you are attempting spin these passages to reinterpret “submit” to mean something other than obey, then your dispute is with the popes and the Fathers. The Church has always interpreted those passages that way, and who can believe that Christ’s Church wouldn’t understand its own scriptures for 2,000 years? That’s the absurd claim of Protestantism.’
There is nothing Protestant about cleaving to the teaching of the Church. The Scriptures do not teach that wives must obey their husbands (I already cited the distinguished exegete Francis Martin on this), and I’ll note again that nobody has produced such a command from the New Testament. If it is so clear, cite it!
Again, the fact that popes cite a doctrine does not ipso facto entail its truth. Like I said above, I could just as easily cite John Paul II as “proof,” but theology doesn’t work that way. I cited multiple other doctrines “taught” by the Pian popes that the Church subsequently developed. The idea that wives must obey their husbands has likewise been dropped, and rightly so.
Limbo is not a place. The word refers to the unknown status of unbaptized who die free of mortal sin.
I did not claim that limbo was a place, Father.
Great clarification. The Church has always taught that God Created Mankind equal in Dignity while being complementary as a beloved son or daughter, Willed By God, The Blessed Trinity, worthy of Redemption.
It is up to us, however, to repent and accept Salvational Love, God’s Gift Of Grace And Mercy, and thus affirm our inherent Dignity.
Mr. Hoffman with all do respect to your time and effort critiquing Bishop Athanasius book how do you explain, Dr. Scott Hahn, Cardinal Robert Sarah, and Fr. Michael Fiedrowicz, praising the book as well the imprimatur of Bishop Peter Libasci? If the errors you describe are real then Mr. Hahn, Cardinal Sarah, Fr. Fiedrowicz and Bishop Labasci also are in error.
That does not follow. A book might in the main be sound and thus be rightly praised, and others might agree with that assessment while quibbling with certain definitions.
Perhaps this is because when reading passages that lack clarity, the individual may provide clarity through their own interpretation based on knowledge they have acquired, not always recognizing that a passage lacks clarity or is erroneous.
For example:
“…the promotion of a purely human fraternity easily leads toward a universal religion in the Freemasonic sense.”
Because Freemasonry is the promotion of a purely human fraternity that does not recognize God as Father.
This statement ,for example, does not lack clarity, but is erroneous and in essence, heresy:
“If there is a union of a private nature, there is neither a third party, nor is society affected. Now, if the union is given the category of marriage, there could be children affected. Every person needs a male father and a female mother that can help shape their identity.” – Jorge Bergoglio, denying The Sanctity of the marital act within The Sacrament of Holy Matrimony, and the fact that God, The Most Holy And Undivided Blessed Trinity, Through The Unity Of The Holy Ghost, Is The Author Of Love, Of Life, And Of Marriage, while denying sin done in private is sin, and claiming that we are not Called To Be Temples Of The Holy Ghost in private and in public, and according to Jorge Bergoglio , we can thus simply dismiss our Call to Holiness in relationships that are of a private nature, which every Faithful Catholic affirms is a lie from the start, for it denies the very essence of Love, which serves for The Common Good.
Ephesians 2
Remember, this was written when daily life was basically hand-to-mouth. Someone has to be in charge in those scenarios. 33 says ‘However, let each one of you also love his wife just as he loves himself; and let the wife respect her husband.” In more recent times, Bishop Sheen remarked, “Men used to run the world, and women used to run society.”
I guess everyone knew their place, unlike today’s world with so much consternation of one’s purpose. I would guess most of us past 30 understand women and men are better at certain tasks than the other sex.
The church still states that the main purpose of the marriage is to raise children,
Are not the Gospels laminated in His Truth?
“One is that the New Testament never actually says that wives are to obey their husbands.”
You might want to actually read the New Testament before commenting about it. And James Martin is the last person in the church people should be looking to for guidance about biblical teachings about relationships. That should be obvious.
Perhaps you should read my comment before commenting on it: I clearly said “Francis Martin,” not “James,” an exegete of unimpeachable orthodoxy.
Again, claiming the New Testament commands wives to “obey” their husbands proves nothing. Cite it.
Here is but one:
https://www.drbo.org/chapter/56005.htm#:~:text=22%20Let%20women%20be%20subject,their%20husbands%20in%20all%20things.
Huh. It’s almost as if, yet again, “wives obey your husbands” does not appear in the text.
If you want to do real theology, then you need to go back to the Greek and cite actual, credible, trained exegetes. I’ve already done so, referring to Fr. Francis Martin’s “The Feminist Question,” which scathingly critiques feminist interpretations of Scripture while also frankly noting that the “submission” passages in the New Testament are not “obey” passages. Try again.
Anon person you seem to be excluding the wife being able freely to practice a holy obedience to her husband within the Scriptural assignment.
More widely on this page, you seem to use VATICAN II as dogmatic cornerstone for “development of doctrine” and “development of Lerins”.
Yup, nothing suffices for these types who want to go back to 1962 & we’re faced with the other side who wants us to be the church of nice… Dominus flevit…
Fr. J,
Spend an hour before the Blessed Sacrament for seven days, re-read your
present response, and see if it doesn’t taste like dust in your mouth.
There is altogether too little Wisdom put out flowing from the seasoned
habit of Eucharistic Adoration. “These TYPES . . “?? Is Bishop Schneider
a “type”? Are you a “type”? Where is Charity in this UN-kind of conversation?
Grown cold ??
No, the good father is absolutely correct. If anything, the lack of charity flows from you. Schneider represents an ultraconservative wing with little use for the Vatican II-era’s development of doctrine. This does not represent the future of the Church. If you wish to see the future, look to Matthew Levering, Thomas Joseph White, Guy Mansini, Abigail Favale, Erika Bachiochi, and Reinhard Hütter.
“Liberal Catholics want to be in the “golden mean”, an enemy of extremes, i.e. of truth, an enemy of all intransigence, moderate in principle, with above all a moderate taste for Truth and a mediocre hatred of error.
“The liberal Catholic seeks peace, which always comes at the expense of truth and the rights of God and the Church. He seeks a charitable attitude but denies his neighbour the alms of truth. We could apply Bossuet’s famous phrase to the liberal Catholic: “he deplores the effects of which he cherishes the causes”.
“Could liberalism be the Trojan horse used by the “enemies of God” to darken minds, weaken wills and, in the long run, wipe out every trace of God in this world? Can there be a rapprochement, a compromise, or even an alliance between liberalism and Catholicism?
Abbé Roussel “Liberalisme et Catholicisme” 1926
I don’t know who “Abbe Roussel” was, but I know who Levering, Huetter, Favale, and Mansini are, and their orthodoxy is beyond question.
So what is wrong with 1962 and what is wrong with being nice? So few terse words explain little except that the church today is torn in limbo and Jesus once wept.
Conversely, Jesus permits; he knew it all then and knows it all now. We humans today have a perfectly clear choice between the Gift of wisdom in time-tested Tradition or the post-modern secular liberalism of Nicety and politically correct etiquette.
I personally don’t give a rake whether man obeys his wife or vice versa. What I do know is that Adam succumbed to the wiles of Eve and she succumbed to a snake. No one emerges unscathed. Sitting on a fence today takes one straight from lukewarm to being spit out of the mouth of Christ.
For those who want to make nice during the NO kiss of peace, let them and their gay trans leaders have their way. Plenty of us will never worship a fat gold calf no matter who the pope excommunicates.
Meiron, thank you for that beautiful comment. The Luther-Mass of 1975 as the Golden Calf… Spot On 😉
What the author writes may be accurate, but my guess is that Bishop Schneider is writing in response to a dominant theology in the Church since the 1960’s that tells us there’s no such thing as individual sin – that the only sins are those which affront the social dimension and are corporate sins. If anyone doubts this, go to your local parish church and count the number of parishioners who show up for scheduled confessions (and don’t tell me they’re scheduling appointments for confession outside the normal times).
My second point is this: the average Joe Pewsitter is no theologian and doesn’t operate in the intellectual domain such as the author of this article. My guess is the average Joe Pewsitter couldn’t tell you the name of the bishop of his or her diocese.
The average pewsitter isn’t going to read this book (unfortunately). If they get to the point that they are reading books by Bishop Schneider, in all likelihood they will already have gotten past simple errors like denying individual sin.
Thank you for this effort. And thanks to Bishop Athanasius Schneider for trying to help us in the dark. As the world falls deeper into the pit of fallacies, it gets more difficult to find the balance needed to climb toward the light of Christ’s Truth. The faithful are suffering in every way from extreme errors in teaching and practice: theologically, philosophically, politically, financially, etc. Our ascent out of the darkness of error must begin with prayer, conversation with the Word of God.
“Stand firm and hold to the traditions which you were taught by us.” (2 Thessalonians 2:15)
“Stand firm and hold to the traditions which you were taught by us.” (2 Thessalonians 2:15)
Exactly what Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre was persecuted for doing, GF.
God bless
CN
Lefebvre died in self-imposed schism, choosing his own way over cooperation with and submission to God’s Church. He is a cautionary tale, not a hero to be emulated.
He gave his life to pass on that which he received. He changed nothing from day 1 of his priesthood. He refused to obey thr order to destroy the Catholic Church, to deny the Faith. Those who engaged in smashing the Catholic sanctuaries were the traitors, Anon. But let us be clear, this is the passion of the Church, and God us allowing the Bride to suffer as did His son.
Lefebvre changed his obedience to the Church; that is certain. He chose to violate her canon law to the point of self-excommunication. He was an unstable man, no solid rock of doctrine, however sympathetic his story. He refused to accept the authentic teaching of the Church.
It is amusing you should claim he “changed nothing” when he changed the most essential thing: his willingness to hear his Mother.
And “to live is to change, and to be perfect is to have changed often.”
“For the Faith, evolution means death. We talk about an evolving Church, we want an evolving faith. “You must submit to the living Church, to today’s Church”, someone wrote to me from Rome in 1976, as if today’s Church should not be identical to yesterday’s Church.
I replied: “Under these conditions, what you say today will no longer be true tomorrow.”
Mgr Marcel Lefebvre
Anon: “Schneider represents an ultraconservative wing with little use for the Vatican II-era’s development of doctrine.”
This is sufficient demonstration of Lefebvre’s failure to understand his faith. That the faith develops has been well-known since the time of Augustine’s contemporary, St. Vincent of Lerins, and Newman’s work was universal by the 1960s. Whether you like it or not, Cracked Nut, the faith *does* evolve, according to the principles recognized by Vincent and Newman. Lefebvre refused to recognize that, and in doing so broke his allegiance from the living and eternal Church in favor of a mere mass of doctrines. If Schneider follows him, he too shall fall from the Faith.
Stat crux dum volvitur orbis.
The world changes, the cross stands firm.
Mgr. Marcel Lefebvre, he was a saintly man, who defended The Most Holy And Undivided Blessed Trinity. I believe he will be declared a Saint one day. All development of Doctrine is consistent with The Deposit Of Faith.
Lefebvre directly disobeyed Pope John Paul II’s explicit order not to ordain bishops. This is called pride, the opposite of the foundation of holiness which is humility. Lefebvre simply lacked humility and is the best example of an anti-saint. His pride led him to openly disobey the Pope thinking he’s more Catholic than the Pope.
About binary husbands and wives, let’s not forget where we are today . . . now with some 57 personal pronouns and counting!
AND YET, even homosexual “couples” are still so backwardist as to designate each other has “husbands” and “wives”; and shepherd successors of the Apostles are synodally restyled “primarily as facilitators”; and the “hierarchical communion” of the Church (Lumen Gentium) is procedurally displaced by an “inverted pyramid” paradigm-shift”; and a Synod on Synodality (say what?) gravitates (like any other falling rock!) toward a unisex priesthood; and the prefect for the dicastery on the doctrine of the Faith snubs some 100 synodalers—unavailable for “objective” (still male?) reasons—but then offers to meet soon—after the Synod draft Final Report is already off the press?
WILL the synodal roundtables have the brass to unanimously “demand” corrections, as they did in 2018 with regard to the Synod on Youth? Where capitulation to the political term “LGBTQ” was removed over the earlier intransigence of the editorial relator-general Cardinal Baldisseri? What to do with Cardinal Hollerich who pontificates “that the sociological-scientific foundation of this teaching [moral theology] is no longer correct.”
AND, who elucidates thusly:
“In Japan, I got to know a different way of thinking. The Japanese don’t think in terms of the European logic of opposites [or binary/complementary sexuality?]. We say: It is black, therefore it is not white. The Japanese say: It is white, but maybe it is also black. You can combine opposites in Japan without changing your point of view” (reported at The Pillar).
Stretching the grey area! Penguin theology is in!
Fr. J,
Spend an hour before the Blessed Sacrament . . . and re-read your present response. “These TYPES . . “?? Is Bishop Schneider a “type”? Are you a “type”?
Is anyone?
As the publisher of Bishop Schneider’s first book in English — his excellent work on the problematic practice of Communion-in-the-hand, it pains me to have to say that this recent effort of his is disappointing, even in more ways than the present reviewer notes. He even says that Protestants and Orthodox cannot rightly be considered Christians!
On the male headship front, Catholicism and its culture have always been matriarchal. In fact, not a few of the Protestant Reformers pointed to that phenomenon as indicative of the Church’s falling away from biblical truths. Decades before Vatican II, Pius XII could say that the mother is the “sun” of the family (not the father!). And anecdotally, we must recall that in pre-Vatican II Catholic households in this country, two words were conversation-stoppers: “Sister said,” NOT “Father said.”
Father, I would be delighted if you could reference those Reformational criticisms of “matriarchy.”
Pity about Schneider. The future of Catholicism is not an ersatz past.
Just a guess. The idea of matriarchy which offended Reformers was Church teaching that Mary, Mother of God, was perpetual virgin and mother. Whether that alone qualifies Catholicism and its culture as matriarchal is the question. I would argue no. Without Jesus, Mary is as a barren fig tree.
After reading a bit on the web, it seems that the Reformers (Luther, Calvin, Zwingli specifically) did NOT dissent from RCC teaching on Mary’s perpetual virginity and maternity. But where and when did Protestant theology take a turn toward that dissent is unclear….do you have info on this? Thanks.
Error begets error, which is how the many different denominations came into being. Even when the various denominations site The Filioque in The Creed, they still, in essence, deny The Unity Of The Holy Ghost, and thus the fact that it is not possible to have Sacramental Communion without Ecclesiastical Communion.
Wrong Anon.
A return to Catholic Truth from Ecumenical New Church truth-bending is the Only Way Forward; the bark of Peter is presently heading full speed into a Synodal Superlodge Iceberg.
We should be clear that the the Church is not a matriarchy, but a patriarchy, and always has been. The fact that there is great respect and love for women and an acknowledgement of the spiritual equallity of the sexes (as the Church has always taught), doesn’t change that. God is Father, not Mother, and only men can be clerics. Yes, the Blessed Virgin Mary reigns with Christ, but in submission to him, who is infinitely greater than her.
I think that the problem with Americans affirming these truths is the constant fear that somehow this translates to some sort of dictatorial and exploitative understanding of authority, which is a false one (and one that is very common in the very liberal/libertarian USA) rather than the Christian understanding of leadership as loving service as Christ states in Matthew 20. When we see leadership and authority, as well as obedience to that authority, in light of Christian charity, the problem disappears.
As von Balthasar noted, the Marian dimension of the Church is both deeper and higher than the Petrine. “Matriarchy” is, if a limited term, a suitable one.
Re Fr. Stravinskas comment referring to Bp. Schneider’s Outline/Abbreviated Catechism:
“He even says that Protestants and Orthodox cannot rightly be considered Christians!”
Let’s look at what Bp. Schneider actually writes under question 203 of his text:
“203. What about the many non-Catholic groups claiming the title of ‘Christian’ or ‘Church’?
–Those who hold Jesus as Lord but do not profess the entirety of His doctrine or participate in the unity of the Church have no proper claim to such title. While often composed of men of good will, these communities are separated from the true Church as products typically of heresies or schisms.”
It seems apparent to me that in this section and other sections some find trouble with is that Bp. Schneider is presenting various teachings in a more formal and very strict sense that appear to be harsh or misleading or possibly erroneous in part to some sensitive “ears.” And some cases can be made that, perhaps in an updated version, Bp. Schneider could add some clarifications and corrections only where such can be demonstrably shown to be absolutely necessary to better present Church teaching.
Still, if one reads Bp. Schneider’s Credo with the understanding that he presents various Church teachings in a most formal and strict manner, then the alleged problems claimed by the article author, Fr. Stravinskas, and others are not as problematic and not as many as they lament.
In his response to question 203, what Bp. Schneider sets forth about not having a Proper Claim to the title of Christian and Church based on their heretical stances is accurate in and of itself and in the strictest of senses. Perhaps he could state that such groups are “marginally Christian” or “partial Christians,” and in this regard I wonder if Fr. Stravinskas and others refer to Protestants and Orthodox as marginal or partial Christians or even as Heretics or Schismatics. Or are they more touchy feely and wrong in this regard? Does Fr. Stravinskas and others advise and frequently remind Catholics, Protestants, and Orthodox of the perennial Church teaching encapsulated in the phrase Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus? This is a doctrine that Bp. Schneider faithfully teaches in Credo, plus he calls on all Catholics to fulfill our evangelical responsibilities to reach out to those outside the One True Church. How seriously does anyone take this obligation if they believe that Protestants and Orthodox have a “proper claim” to the titles of Christian and Church?
Before anyone jumps all over what I just penned in partial defense of Bp. Schneider’s text, keep in mind that Credo is not a how-to regarding the manner of evangelization, but in many respects, it presents fundamental Catholic truths that should motivate a more serious and beneficial form of evangelization so that, no matter how kind and considerate and warm and outgoing an outreach may be, it will never fail to present the truth of Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus.
Or more importantly, how serious does one take this claim if The Charitable Anathema is no longer used for Baptized Catholics who have fallen into heresy, but have been permitted to remain in Christ’s Church physically, having left Christ’s Church spiritually and thus are no longer in communion with The One Body Of Christ?
Dear Blessed Mother Mary, Mirror of Justice , Untier Of Knots, And Destroyer Of All Heresy, Who Through Your Fiat, Affirmed The Filioque, and thus the fact that There Is Only One Son Of God, One Word Of God Made Flesh, One Lamb Of God Who Can Taketh Away The Sins Of The World, Our Only Savior, Jesus The Christ, thus there can only be, One Spirit Of Perfect Complementary Love Between The Father And The Son, Who Must Proceed From Both The Father And The Son, In The Ordered Communion Of Perfect Complementary Love, The Most Holy And Undivided Blessed Trinity (Filioque), hear our Prayer that your Immaculate Heart Will Triumph soon for the sake of Christ, His Church, all who will come to believe, and all our beloved prodigal sons and daughters, who, hopefully, will return to The One Body Of Christ, which exists From The Father, Through, With, And In Only Son, In The Unity Of The Holy Ghost (Filioque) Amen. 🙏💕🌹
Lots of armchair theologians here. Personally I’d like to see a critique of Credo from a sound, credentialed theologian. There’s little here of use unless you’re a right-fighter.
“Lots of armchair theologians here. Personally I’d like to see a critique of Credo from a sound, credentialed theologian. There’s little here of use unless you’re a right-fighter.“
Although I have my STB from CUA, I still am nevertheless one of the armchairs of whom you speak. But I agree wholly.
Who wrote the abstract? “Bishop Athanasius Schneider’s recent “Compendium of the Catholic Faith” often appears to be oversimplistic, hasty, and reactive, and sometimes reads more like a polemic than a catechism.”
The writer of the abstract apparently believes s/he has been gifted with the dogmatic authority to judge the format, content, style, and tone of a compendium or catechism of the Catholic Church. S/he judges that the Credo “sometimes reads more like a polemic than a catechism.”
Since when has Francis ever exhorted or rebuked the creative style of any ecclesiocrat in his freewheeling mess of a Vatican? Since when have the friends of Francis or Francis himself written a catechism which contains as much Catholic truth as Schneider’s Credo?
Let us count the ways Francis and friends have fostered and furthered materially heretical pastoral practices. Then let us count the flaws and imperfections in Schneider’s Credo.
Meiron: you get a big thumbs up from me on what you’ve written. Seems like a lot of swatting of gnats here.
How exactly is “Credo” an official catechism of the Church? You claim that the author of the abstract “apparently believes s/he has been gifted with the dogmatic authority to judge…”, but no such authority is required for a private work.
I don’t believe I implied or expressed that Credo was ‘official’. Francis’ papacy has not promulgated it.
The point is that Schneider aims to present Catholic truth without equivocation while equivocation has marred much of this papacy’s ‘official’ teaching and utterance.
Do you agree that 1) Jesus would prefer our ‘yes be yes’ whether private, public, or official; 2) All will be held accountable for every idle word, and 3) More will be asked of those to whom more has been given?
I imply that Cullinan-Hoffman judges with a heavy hand against Credo. I would far prefer that he balance negative criticism while supporting the book’s truth and useful necessity within today’s climate of Church scandal, ambiguity, confusion, and division.
‘The writer of the abstract apparently believes s/he has been gifted with the dogmatic authority to judge the format, content, style, and tone of a compendium or catechism of the Catholic Church. S/he judges that the Credo “sometimes reads more like a polemic than a catechism.”‘
This necessitates “official,” because otherwise, according to you, any schmo who writes a catechism is beyond reproach from us laics.
Otherwise, your comment is largely not to the point. I have no desire to replace the ambiguities of Francis with the so-called “traditionalism” of Schneider..
My quote “necessitates” nothing that you claim.
First, Archbishop Schneider is not a ‘schmo.’ Second, no one said he, his catechism, or any mortal’s writing is beyond reproach. Instead, if you would comprehend, I noted that some positive criticism would balance the negative.
That you prefer church teaching colored by progressive ambiguity you have made clear.
May God bless you.
‘My quote “necessitates” nothing that you claim.’
As a matter of fact, it does. Schneider’s book is not “official”; anyone is free to criticize it.
“First, Archbishop Schneider is not a ‘schmo.’”
He’s certainly not an archbishop.
“Second, no one said he, his catechism, or any mortal’s writing is beyond reproach. Instead, if you would comprehend, I noted that some positive criticism would balance the negative.”
Very good. So what’s the difference between this and criticism?
“That you prefer church teaching colored by progressive ambiguity you have made clear.”
Funny. Both Reinhard Hütter and Matthew Levering, personal friends of mine, would disagree strongly with your assessment of me.
“May God bless you.”
Likewise.
Two factions of Ecumenical New Church are fighting over the remains of the day. What the foundation of Synodal Superlodge has demonstrated clearly is that tradition hitherto retained is now also up for grabs.
The war on Sacred Tradition 1962-1965 is still up and running. Like all Marxist Deconstructivism it runs like a snowball down the mountain side, ready to explode at the bottom.
Sacred Tradition was saved by the 20th century Athanasius, Saintly Marcel Lefebvre… IT is merely a matter of time before the evidence is so strong it can no longer be denied.
Anon sorry but you’re like a fish beating up on deck can’t find the edge jumping off point. Attract too much attention and they’ll put you in the bucket with the other haul.
Sometime ago I can’t remember where I incorrectly referred to Bishop Schneider as Archbishop. It wasn’t a typo or auto-fill. A good soul such as yourself would have pointed it out to me but did it in an indirect way. I do not know who it is or how I could thank an indirect correction. But I would thank him or her “in virtual” as it is only right to do it, I had it wrong.
Many of your assertions like those of “progressives” in general James Martin on one side, Hollerich on another, Czerny on another, Radcliffe and so on, etc., can fall on examination on one point. That, because something could be develop-able it doesn’t mean it is being developed rightly in the moment when someone moves on it nor does it mean that it necessarily would develop in a singular composite fashion.
The general dictum is post hoc ergo propter hoc: development might be uni-linear but even that remains to be seen and has to be tested. Every time a hoop appears in outer space when you’re flying though the far reaches, isn’t an invite just for you to jump through it you know.
Cullinan-Hoffman stakes his essay on the ground of Tradition, contrasting Schneider seemingly at odds. But he proceeds to interpret Aquinas without reflecting properly on the ontological, the teleological and the historical.
Christ did not come to retrieve Adam’s generation. Christ came to redeem man from eternal punishment and bring man to a new order of creation -i.e., another of those many worlds God is free to choose and make.
This means a different ontology and teleology for those who receive Him – with a parallel history with the unsaved. I haven’t read Bishop’s Schneider’s tome but from the excerpts shared above, he follows these meanings.
Theologically, Redemption is Christological not merely logical. Had Christ wanted to retrieve Adam’s generation, He would have said it plainly and the extent. His title, Son of Man, exclaims what He makes of us for the Father.
Schneider merely recaptures the sense of Canon on schism. The citation about wives being obedient also bears on the schism subject. Righteous adherence defends the Pontiff from error – in Christ’s own vision of “rock”.
Christians adhering unswervingly to Protestant doctrines in spite of baptism, are un-Christian. Matriarchy that offends equality as well as dignity is not “Catholic society” and also I see where errant men hide inside matriarchy.
Bishop Schneider is concerned to foster a dialogue for Catholicism according to our doctrines which are sound and true. I believe this motive is reflected in Credo in the choice of subjects and the simplicity of the presentation.
Regarding your recent comment – I am disappointed to see yet another assertion or implication on this page that I am a “progressive”. That is a claim so risibly false that it quite literally would be laughed at by my former instructors in theology and my friends; I have already cited Reinhard Hütter and Matthew Levering, whose orthodoxy requires neither introduction nor defense. I suppose that Newman and Maritain were denounced as progressives by many, though I am unworthy of such comparisons.
No I said assertions fall as informal fallacy, for you just as for progressives.
The one you offered about ersatz, crashed, for example; yet you suppose it passes.
You create your own problems being unidentifiable. You are an unidentified party claiming equal footing with certain types. It might prove true that you are “not progressive” but then it doesn’t just so substantiate everything else you indicate. Or it might prove true that you are indeed a sort of progressive, for all I know of the kind maybe just budding forth tentatively.
If you are referring to my remark to Fr. S that Schneider is proffering an ersatz Tradition “crashed,” you have done so without argument or evidence that I see.
Once again, I am not progressive. The only evidence to substantiate that claim that has been ordered is that I do not accept the precise formulation of a couple of pre-Conciliar papal statements on the relationship between husband and wife as timeless absolutes. Do better.
I haven’t indicated that you are progressive nor intended to say or imply that. I explained what I meant. Your “ersatz” upon the good Bishop is foundless, likewise (i.e., unsupported); which is why I said it had crashed.
I don’t mean to show up defects in all your arguments you know.
Perhaps the weakness of Bishop Schneider’s work lies in the way it is accepted or perceived. It is NOT an official catechism of the Roman Catholic Church but merely a commentary on the official accepted Catechism of the Church. Much like the many Jewish Rabbis over the years have done with the jewish Torah. A commentary seeks to clarify and interpret, but is not looked at being the final word. It is always subject to further refining and clarification. Perhaps the good Bishop would take these and other criticisms to heart and publish another more refined version. I don’t know if the Bishop had others critique his text before publication, but in any case it appears that further clarification is needed. He needs to be thanked for his work and concern and may God bless him richly.
When reading anyone’s writing and comparing it to another’s, it is always helpdul to consider whether that writer is using words and phrases definitively per se or analogically by way of comparison. Also, are the words and phrases being understood denotatively or connotatively? Sloppy syntax, grammar and other factors can result in misunderstanding at best and misrepresenting at worst. Be careful and charitable, all.
If it can be shown that Bishop Schneider disagrees that all Mankind is created in God’s image, that is indeed a tragic error. That dignity however is narrowed to the intellect and freedom of will. It doesn’t convey that the reprobate’s evil acts are glossed over, freeing him from retribution.
All men have that dignity as described regardless of their evil acts. Does that repudiate the death penalty, or condone acts of perverted sex? No. Reprobates have besmirched the gifts of intellect and free will, though they remain sacred gifts. Indeed it’s due to their sacred nature in the image of God that abortion, that all disordered forms of sexuality deserves punishment, eternal suffering a worthy condemnation.
Also, the doctrine of inherent human dignity offers us understanding why evil is permitted to exist, that Satan, who is not human but possess intellect and free will retains a modality of dignity in his acknowledgement as Prince of this World. That Satan is allowed to personally challenge Christ speaks to God’s recognition.
Another feature of dignity, also understood as a higher rank is immortality. The only creatures with that feature are angels and men who have intellect and free will in common. That is why if condemned by God, and that we share with him immortality our condemnation is eternal. As Our Lord allegedly told St Catherine of Siena in her Dialogues, We can lose grace, but we cannot lose our existence.
Cullinan Hoffman criticisms appear mostly viable, except perhaps for Adam and Eve perfectly fulfilled in the Garden. It appears Hoffman fails to consider Schneider seems to have meant all their needs were met, which would imply there wasn’t any need to disobey God.
Also, regards ad orientem versus populum his citing Ratzinger on the dangers of versus populum shows his TLM traditionalist leanings. When Christ consecrated the Eucharist at the Last Supper he wasn’t facing the wall with his back to the Apostles. We could add too that sanctification of the people is Christ’s purpose, not simply that we glorify him. We glorify him by our holiness [with which ironically Hoffman agrees]. Although, all in all Cullinan Hoffman’s critique is a scholarly, excellent work for the reader to study.
“When Christ consecrated the Eucharist at the Last Supper he wasn’t facing the wall with his back to the Apostles.”
Ummm, He wouldn’t need or even be able to be turned ad orientem. He *is* the Orient: ‘the Orient of orients pervades the universe, and he who was “before the daystar” and before the heavenly bodies, immortal and vast, the great Christ, shines over all beings more brightly than the sun.’ (CCC 1165, quoting St. Hippolytus, De pasch. 1-2 SCh 27, 117)
Yes Leslie. There is that. I was being facetious. Although, we shouldn’t make too much about facing East toward the sun, as the Aztecs and Mayans were sun worshipers and sacrificed humans, raising severed bloody hearts to their god. We should make some room for facing the congregation. Always when done reverently as some do. And similarly there should be the continuance of the ancient Latin rite as commended by Benedict XVI.
J.M.J.
“When Christ consecrated the Eucharist at the Last Supper he wasn’t facing the wall with his back to the Apostles.”
No, but during Mass we Pray to The Father Through The Son, so why not face Christ On The Cross?
“We” Catholics do not face East toward the Sun (like the Mayans and Azteckians whosacrificed humans, raising severed bloody hearts to their god). We turn east toward the SON (who sacrificed Himself to His Father for our benefit). From the East He came, and from the East He shall come again.
In the UA Mass, the priest does ‘make room’ for facing the congregation. He turns many times toward it (I shall count the ways.) and specifically faces the congregation as he offers each of its members the Body and Blood of their Salvation for receipt of Holy Communion. This orientation is as Jesus was at the Last Supper.
Meiron I’m actually fine with the TLM [thanks for the correction on facing eastward. Although what of those living a few miles from Jerusalem? Should they still face east? I understand your point, nonetheless it doesn’t seem to be an important part of the liturgy].
I was ordained when the NO was the rule. My response was to Cullinan Hoffman who faults the Novus Ordo, seemingly exclusively for contributing to the debacle in the Church. That does have validity insofar as the poor wording, omissions, and an attitude of free wheeling liturgical practice at the time and continued by some.
Although the flood of heretics who caused the major damage didn’t pop up out of nowhere like spontaneous combustion, they were clergy and laity who practiced and attended the TLM.
“When Christ consecrated the Eucharist at the Last Supper he wasn’t facing the wall with his back to the Apostles.”
No, but during Mass we Pray to The Father Through The Son, so why not face Christ On The Cross?
The above 30 comments on this CWR posting are simply not enough.
We can lengthen the thread with another 128 by linking to an earlier critique of Cardinal Schneider’s CREED, penned for CWR by Larry Chapp (December 17, 2023) https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2023/12/17/credo-is-a-weaponized-response-to-vatican-ii-and-the-ccc/
You cite Thomas Aquinas as an authority. But to what extent does his writing overlap with the Church teaching? Eg. his position on the issue of free will (how God co-operates during human decision-making) has not been accepted as the official position of the Church.
Excerpt: No dogmatic declaration was made regarding the canon until the Council of Trent in 1546, and in the preceding centuries that numerous authorities freely denied the canonicity of various Old Testament deuterocanonical books.
Comment: The author (among other oversights) seems to be unaware of the Council of Florence’s Decretum pro Jacobitis (1442) which defined the Canon of Scripture, the same books as those define again in the Tridentine decree of 1547;
I noted that as well. Trent lifted the decree from Florence, or some such.
At any rate Meiron you and Leslie know as well as I that what the ancient rubrics are meant to convey by physical posture, in the reality of offering the sacrifice of the Mass is found in the heart of the priest and those who join him with love for Christ.
We offer ourselves with Christ at the words of consecration, participating in his act of love for his children, wayward or faithful. Christ, knowing how precarious a journey we have in this life. Especially these times. Formerly I found joy and satisfaction in what I received from the liturgy, the most beautiful, the very ancient Carthusian rite. Later, when Christ weaned me off milk I found a deeper relationship, more fulfilling finding happiness with the knowledge that my efforts will make a salvific difference in the lives of persons I may never see in this world.
Thank you, Father.
From the start Cullinan Hoffman biased his outcome to weakness and flaws.
‘Anon person you seem to be excluding the wife being able freely to practice a holy obedience to her husband within the Scriptural assignment.’
Nonsense on stilts. I already mentioned “mutual submission,” which has multiple forms, one of which, I suppose, is obedience freely chosen, though I feel God prefers mutual collaboration.
‘More widely on this page, you seem to use VATICAN II as dogmatic cornerstone for “development of doctrine” and “development of Lerins”‘
Like a Catholic in 1924 used Vatican I, or in 1624 Trent?
Well, now you mention obedience after all, Anon personage.
And since you remain, well, Anon, it is not possible to compare anything, Sir/Madam.
Sobriquet allows you to dash across the universe and back again in great feats and when all is said and done the goodly stars are still twinkling.
Is Anon a sobriquet or just a total non-identifier, then.
Thanks for this helpful essay! I would love to see a follow-up explication the precise difference between the legitimate brotherhood of man and the Masonic conception of that brotherhood condemned by the Church, but which many hierarchs today seen to hold.
Might we propose that the “legitimate brotherhood of man” is the inborn and universal natural law which is oriented toward the headship of a God who is other than ourselves, while the Masonic conception of brotherhood culminates in an all-seeing but this-world “eye” (or “I”!) as shown on the backside of any American dollar bill.
The problem with the in-between and unedited term “fraternity” is that it can easily be made to erase the “precise difference.” As in the 1789 “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” whereby fraternity decapitates backwardist paternity by the guillotine. The big F (!) whereby the Father becomes a Facilitator.
Good question.
Since no one else has answered, you might try ignatius press “the meaning of Christian brotherhood” by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger 1993. He links ekklesia to adelphotes, tying Christian brotherhood to eucharist.